{"id":10479,"date":"2022-03-28T22:49:32","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T20:49:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tyr\/miloamerge\/?p=10479"},"modified":"2024-09-25T16:27:23","modified_gmt":"2024-09-25T14:27:23","slug":"palmarosa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/glossary\/plants\/palmarosa\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"palmarosa\">Palmarosa<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><H2>CHARACTERISTICS<\/H2><\/p>\n<p>Palmarosa has been used in traditional Indian medicine for thousands of years for its tonic, antiseptic and healing properties.<\/p>\n<p>It contains various chemical compounds including monoterpene alcohols (70-85% geraniol), esters such as geranyl acetate (7-9%), monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Its essential oil has many beneficial effects.<\/p>\n<p><H2>PROPERTIES<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antibacterial effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Palmarosa essential oil exhibits an inhibitory effect on many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus faecalis<\/em>, <em>Salmonella Enteritidis<\/em> and <em>Escherichia coli<\/em>. Geraniol is responsible for this broad spectrum antibacterial effect <span class=\"prod_ref\">(MURBACH TELES ANDRADE &#038; al., 2016)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Geraniol isolated from palmarosa also exhibits an inhibitory effect on enterotoxigenic strains of <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(DUBREUIL, 2013)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, palmarosa essential oil and geraniol exhibit antimicrobial activity against <em>Propionibacterium acnes<\/em> without modulating the immune response of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells stimulated by this bacterium. This is interesting because this microorganism also called <em>Cutibacterium acnes<\/em> is associated with the pathogenesis of acne <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ANDRADE &#038; al., 2016)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, they induce a modification of the bacterial proteome, affecting the protein content necessary for bacterial survival and growth. In addition, they exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in keratinocytes by stimulating the production of interleukin-10 <span class=\"prod_ref\">(MURBACH TELES ANDRADE &#038; al., 2018)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antiparasitic effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Palmarosa essential oil has an antiparasitic effect <em>in vitro<\/em> against trichostrongylids from naturally infected sheep (95 % <em>Haemonchus contortus<\/em> and 5 % <em>Trichostrogylus spp.<\/em>). It has an inhibitory effect on these parasites demonstrated in various tests including egg hatching, larval development, feeding inhibition and larval sheath migration <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KATIKI &#038; al., 2011)<\/span>. They show an antiparasitic effect <em>in vitro<\/em> against the nematode <em>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KUMARAN &#038; al., 2003)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antifungal effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Palmarosa essential oil exhibits a broad spectrum antifungal effect <em>in vitro<\/em>. In particular, it inhibits the growth of <em>Tricophyton (T) rubrum<\/em> and <em>Microsporum (M) gypseum<\/em> with minimum inhibitory concentrations lower than those of griseofulvin, ketoconazole and fluconazole. In addition, it exhibits an antifungal effect against <em>Aspergillus (A) flavus<\/em>, <em>A. niger<\/em>, <em>A. fumigatus<\/em>, <em>Microspoum audouni<\/em>, <em>M. nanum, Tricophyton mentagrophytes<\/em>, <em>T. verrucosum<\/em> and <em>T. violaceum<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(DELESPAUL &#038; al., 2000&#8239;; PRASAD &#038; al., 2010)<\/span>. It reduces the activities of the elastase and keratinase enzymes of <em>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> and <em>Trichophyton rubrum<\/em>. This is interesting because it is known that the production of elastases and keratinases is involved in the pathogenesis of <em>Aspergillus<\/em> and <em>Tricophyton<\/em> infections <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KHAN &#038; AHMAD, 2011)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It shows an antifungal effect <em>in vitro<\/em> on different strains of <em>Candida albicans<\/em>, with a greater effect than fluconazole and amphotericin B on resistant strains <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KHAN &#038; al., 2012)<\/span>. Furthermore, eugenol exhibits antibiofilm activity against <em>Candida albicans<\/em>. This efficacy is greater than that of amphotericin B and fluconazole <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KHAN &#038; AHMAD, 2012)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, it exhibits <em>in vivo<\/em> efficacy against superficial fungal lesions induced in guinea pigs. It reduces skin redness, the severity of lesions and the appearance of dermatophytes when applied to the skin <span class=\"prod_ref\">(PRASAD &#038; al., 2010)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Anti-cancer effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Geraniol exhibits anti-cancer effects <em>in vitro<\/em> and <em>in vivo<\/em> on different types of cancer.<\/p>\n<p>It decreases the development of colon cancer induced by dimethylhydrazine <em>in vivo<\/em> in rats. It reduces the number of total aberrant crypt foci and increases the level of apoptosis in the colon <span class=\"prod_ref\">(VIEIRA &#038; al., 2011)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Geraniol also inhibits tumor growth of lung cancer cells <em>in vitro<\/em>, simultaneously with induction of apoptosis <em>in vivo<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GALLE &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, geraniol possesses antiproliferative properties <em>in vitro<\/em> in hepatocellular carcinoma lines <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GALLE &#038; al., 2020)<\/span>. Its anti-cancer effects are partly linked to its anti-angiogenic activity in tumors <span class=\"prod_ref\">(WITTIG &#038; al., 2015)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Anti-inflammatory effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Palmarosa essential oil and geraniol exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action by increasing the production of interleukin-10 in human monocytes cultured <em>in vitro<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(MURBACH TELES ANDRADE &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Geraniol exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) <em>in vitro<\/em> by inhibiting many pro-inflammatory mediators: it inhibits the production of nitrogen oxide and prostaglandin E2 in a dose-dependent manner, it decreases the levels of gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 induced by LPS, and reduces the activation of the nuclear factor \u03baB <span class=\"prod_ref\">(SU &#038; al., 2010)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, geraniol decreases the activation of human neutrophils measured by the adhesion reaction induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) <em>in vitro<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ABE &#038; al., 2003)<\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CYMBOPOGON MARTINII<br \/>\nPalmarosa <em>Cymbopogon martinii<\/em> is a tall herbaceous plant that belongs to the <em>Poaceae<\/em> family. It is originally from India and Nepal. It is sometimes called Indian geranium because of its plume flowers resembling those of geranium. The smell of its leaves and flowers is reminiscent of a scent close to that of a rose. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[264,546],"class_list":["post-10479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","tag-index-plantes-en-p","tag-ultra-pure-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10479"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10479\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15486"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}