{"id":10495,"date":"2022-03-28T22:56:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T20:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tyr\/miloamerge\/?p=10495"},"modified":"2024-09-25T16:18:40","modified_gmt":"2024-09-25T14:18:40","slug":"clove","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/glossary\/plants\/clove\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"clove\">Clove<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><H2>CHARACTERISTICS<\/H2><\/p>\n<p>Clove essential oil has been used to relieve dental pain, freshen breath and cleanse wounds for thousands of years. Its main components are eugenol (75-88%), acetyl eugenol (4-15%) and beta-caryophyllene (5-14%). It also contains minor constituents such as alpha-humulene, eugenyl acetate and sesquiterpenes <span class=\"prod_ref\">(Monographie ESCOP, 2019)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Clove essential oil has many beneficial properties for the body.<\/p>\n<p><H2>PROPERTIES<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antioxidant effects: <\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It shows marked antioxidant activity in various <em>in vitro<\/em> tests: it has a scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl (DPPH) radical, an inhibitory effect against hydroxyl radicals, an iron chelation effect and an inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation <span class=\"prod_ref\">(JIROVETZ &#038; al., 2006)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, it inhibits the formation of malonaldehyde in equine plasma by 48% <span class=\"prod_ref\">(LEE &#038; SHIBAMOTO, 2001)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, eugenol exhibits an antioxidant effect <em>in vivo<\/em> and allows to reduce the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride poisoning in rats <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KUMARAVELU &#038; al., 1995)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Anti-inflammatory effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eugenol has an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) <span class=\"prod_ref\">(HUSS &#038; al., 2002)<\/span>. Another study has shown that it does not inhibit COX-1 gene expression <span class=\"prod_ref\">(S. S. KIM &#038; al., 2003)<\/span>. In addition, eugenol inhibits the activation of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which is the key enzyme in the leukotriene biosynthetic pathway. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators involved in the pathophysiology of allergic and inflammatory disorders. It also inhibits the formation of C4 leukotrienes in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are cells that play an important role in the modulation of inflammation <span class=\"prod_ref\">(RAGHAVENRA &#038; al., 2006)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, clove essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity in human skin dermal fibroblasts <em>in vitro<\/em>. It inhibits the production of several pro-inflammatory markers such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), protein 10 induced by interferon \u03b3 (IP-10), interferon inducible T cell chemotactic (I-TAC), and interferon-induced monokine (MIG). It also inhibits tissue remodeling proteins such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and tissue metalloproteinase 2 inhibitor (TIMP-2). In addition, it significantly modulates the global expression of genes involved in signaling pathways critical for inflammation and cancer signaling processes <span class=\"prod_ref\">(HAN &#038; PARKER, 2017)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the beta-caryophyllene contained in clove essential oil has a local anesthetic effect. It dramatically and dose-dependently reduces contractions elicited electrically <em>in vitro<\/em> in a rat phrenic nerve preparation. In rabbits, treatment with beta-caryophyllene dose-dependently increases the number of stimuli needed to induce the conjunctival reflex <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GHELARDINI &#038; al., 2001)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antimicrobial activity:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Clove essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial activity on many species. Its effectiveness has been highlighted against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. In particular, it has an inhibitory effect on the bacteriae <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em>, <em>Pseudomonas putida<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KAVANAUGH &#038; RIBBECK, 2012)<\/span>. In addition, eugenol exhibits antimicrobial efficacy <em>in vitro<\/em> on various strains of Listeria monocytogenes and <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> O157:H7 <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GAYSINSKY &#038; al., 2005&#8239;; P\u00c9REZ-CONESA &#038; al., 2006)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Further, it has a strong antifungal activity <em>in vitro<\/em> against the opportunistic pathogens <em>Candida albicans<\/em>, <em>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/em> and <em>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(AHMAD &#038; al., 2005&#8239;; CHAIEB &#038; al., 2007)<\/span>. It is used to treat experimental vaginitis induced <em>Candida albicans<\/em> infection in mice <span class=\"prod_ref\">(AHMAD &#038; al., 2005)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It also exhibits antiviral activity. In particular, it inhibits the replication of herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 <span class=\"prod_ref\">(TRAGOOLPUA &#038; JATISATIENR, 2007)<\/span>, and destroys their lipid envelope and that of the Newcastle disease virus <span class=\"prod_ref\">(SIDDIQUI &#038; al., 1996)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Effects on immunity:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Clove essential oil exhibits immunostimulatory activity. It promotes the humoral and cellular mediated immune response. It increases the total number of white blood cells and improves the delayed type hypersensitivity response in mice. In addition, it dose-dependently restores cellular and humoral immune responses in mice subjected to a model of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression <span class=\"prod_ref\">(CARRASCO &#038; al., 2009)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The aqueous clove extract exhibits anti-allergic effects by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells <em>in vivo<\/em> and <em>in vitro<\/em> in hypersensitivity models <span class=\"prod_ref\">(H. M. KIM &#038; al., 1998)<\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM<br \/>\nThe Clove or Clove <em>Syzygium aromaticum<\/em> is part of the Myrtaceae family. They are native to Indonesia and can reach 20 meters in height under natural conditions. Their flowers are tubular, pink in color and button-shaped. They open on a feather duster of white stamens. Flower buds are harvested before they hatch to produce cloves.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15322,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[303,546],"class_list":["post-10495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","tag-index-plantes-en-c","tag-ultra-pure-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10495"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10495\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10495"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}