{"id":11988,"date":"2022-05-31T10:14:53","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T08:14:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tyr\/miloamerge\/?p=11988"},"modified":"2024-09-25T15:59:41","modified_gmt":"2024-09-25T13:59:41","slug":"pin-sylvestre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/glossary\/plants\/pin-sylvestre\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"scots-pine\">Scots pine<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>CHARACTERISTICS<\/h2>\n<p>Scots pine essential oil is commonly used for its expectorant and mucolytic effects already described by Hippocrates, respiratory decongestant, energizing, toning as well as for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is recommended to relieve sciatic pain, muscle pain, lumbago, arthritis, cramps and rheumatism.<\/p>\n<p>The bornyl acetate it contains has analgesic activity. The pinenes it contains have a thermogenic effect very appreciated during joint and muscular disorders. These terpenes can also enhance the percutaneous absorption of drugs due to their lipophilic nature.<\/p>\n<h2>PROPERTIES<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #d61163;\">Anti oxidant effect:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>In vitro<\/em> pre-treatment of human keratinocytes with \u03b1-pinene protects them from UVA damage. This will also reduce the production of free radicals, lipid peroxidation and breaks in the DNA strands of these cells <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KARTHIKEYAN &#038; al., 2018)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The DPPH and FRAP tests made it possible to highlight the significant antioxidant effect of \u03b1-pinene. Indeed, it increases the cellular production of GSH <em>in vitro<\/em>, also acting on lipid peroxidation <span class=\"prod_ref\">(BOUZENNA &#038; al., 2017&#8239;; SALEHI &#038; al., 2019)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The antioxidant effect of pine essential oil was also examined in a 2013 study, showing an 82% inhibition percentage of free radicals after 30 minutes of application <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KA\u010c\u00c1NIOV\u00c1 &#038; al., 2013)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>\u03b1-pinene protects cells <em>in vitro<\/em> from oxidative damage caused by H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub> by preventing the formation of free radicals, lipid peroxidation and in particular by increasing SOD <span class=\"prod_ref\">(SALEHI &#038; al., 2019)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #d61163;\">Anti-inflammatory effect:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The \u03b1-pinene contained in pine essential oil decreases the production of Nf-KB, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in keratinocytes subjected to UVA rays <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KARTHIKEYAN &#038; al., 2018&#8239;; SALEHI &#038; al., 2019)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #d61163;\">Antibacterial effect:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The antibacterial effect of several essential oils against different strains of <em>Clostridium<\/em> has been tested. Among these essential oils, pine oil was the most effective against <em>Clostridium hystoliticum<\/em> and <em>Clostridium ramosum<\/em> in the disc diffusion <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KA\u010c\u00c1NIOV\u00c1 &#038; al., 2013)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #d61163;\">Anti fungal effect:<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Among several essential oils tested, pine essential oil showed the best efficacy as well as synergy with itraconazole against strains of <em>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/em> susceptible to azoles. This effect is explained by the inhibition by \u03b1 and \u03b2-pinene of the phospholipase and esterase activities of <em>C. neoformans<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(SCALAS &#038; al., 2018&#8239;; MANDRAS &#038; al., 2021)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Scots pine essential oil is also effective against rarer species of <em>Candida<\/em> such as <em>Candida krusei<\/em>, <em>C. parapsilose<\/em>, <em>C. valida<\/em>, including against certain strains resistant to fluconazole or voriconazole <span class=\"prod_ref\">(MANDRAS &#038; al., 2021).<br \/>\n<\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PINUS SYLVESTRIS<br \/>\nThe Scots pine or Baltic pine, <em>Pinus sylvestris<\/em>, is a resinous tree of the <em>Pinaceae<\/em> family. It is a common tree found in many European forests, from the south of the Iberian Peninsula to Turkey, via Scotland. It is also present in North Asia and in the mountainous region of the Middle East. It has an exceptional longevity of 200 to 700 years. Its essential oil is obtained by distillation of the needles. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15506,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[659,254],"class_list":["post-11988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","tag-flex-miloa-en","tag-index-plantes-en-s"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11988"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11988\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}