{"id":5353,"date":"2019-08-04T10:19:53","date_gmt":"2019-08-04T08:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tyr\/miloamerge\/glossaire\/plantes\/chardon-marie\/"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:36:07","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T12:36:07","slug":"chardon-marie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/glossary\/plants\/chardon-marie\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"milk-thistle\">Milk thistle<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>HEPATO-PROTECTION<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Mode of action of silymarin:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It\u2019s a membrane stabilizer. It inhibits the membrane transport systems of hepatocytes, making it more difficult to absorb toxicants. It prevents the peroxidation of lipids and increases the capture of free radicals produced by hepatotoxic substances. It helps maintain the glutathione pool responsible for liver detoxification. It reduces the increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatases. It protects the liver from oxidative stress.<\/p>\n<p>It stimulates the activity of polymerase \u03b1. Therefore, it increases the synthesis of ribosomal nucleic acids and the number of ribosomes in hepatocytes. This increases enzyme biosynthesis, protein synthesis and stimulates liver regeneration <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ASGHAR &#038; al, 2008)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>During liver steatosis, silymarin normalizes liver enzymes. Histological and ultrasonographic improvement is also observed <span class=\"prod_ref\">(LOGUERCIO &#038; al, 2012)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Silymarin increases the synthesis of SOD and catalase, decreases the synthesis of TNF \u03b1. It protects against oxidative stress and inflammation and improves lipid metabolism <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ZHOU &#038; al, 2018)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>By its antioxidant and regenerative action of hepatocytes, it protects the liver from many toxicants, from the side effects of certain drugs or from poison such as: ethanol, paracetamol, cyclosporine, erythromycin and Amanita phalloides (deadly fungus).<\/p>\n<p>It chelates iron which may be the source of the production of toxic free radicals.<\/p>\n<p>Its anti-fibrotic activity is explained by a decrease in the pro-fibrogenic activities of liver stellate cells (which synthesize collagen 1) <span class=\"prod_ref\">(TRAPPOLIERE &#038; al, 2009)<\/span> and by inhibition of MMP and TGF \u03b21 . This helps decrease fibrosis and slows cirrhosis <span class=\"prod_ref\">(CHEN &#038; al, 2012)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Dyspepsia and gastro protection:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silymarin improves the synthesis of bile salts and their excretion by the gallbladder. It is therefore choleretic and cholagogue <span class=\"prod_ref\">(CROCENZI &#038; al, 2006)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It protects the stomach from ulcers because it increases mucin secretion, by the elevation of PGE2 and the decrease of leukotrienes <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ALARCON DE L&#8217;ASTRAL &#038; al, 1992 et 1995)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antioxidant action:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It reduces oxidative stressors such as malondialdehyde (MDA) by 45%, stimulates the release of NRF2, which increases glutathione synthesis by 65% and reduces TNF \u03b1 production by 47% <span class=\"prod_ref\">(AGHAZADEH &#038; al, 2011)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Action anti-inflammatory:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silymarin inhibits the NF ?\u03b2, which reduces the expression of TNF \u03b1, IL-1 \u03b2 and the synthesis of iNOS <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KIM &#038; al, 2012&#8239;; POLYAK &#038; al, 2007)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It may even be immunomodulating according to <span class=\"prod_ref\">(NAFISEH &#038; al, 2017)<\/span>, its effects increasing with concentration.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Anti-tumour action:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During chronic pathologies oxidative stress amplifies the adverse effects of fibrosis and inflammation related to cellular necrosis that causes protein and DNA damage.<\/p>\n<p>Silymarin is anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative. It causes the cell cycle to stop and restores apoptosis <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ZHENG &#038; al, 2011&#8239;; ARGAWAL &#038; al, 2013)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It inhibits the production of MMPs whose exaggerated expression is associated with carcinomas. It also inhibits VEGF (Vascular endothelium growth factor) <span class=\"prod_ref\">(KIM &#038; al, 2009)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It thus inhibits the proliferation of tumour cells in many cancers (prostate, lung, breast, ovarian and bladder).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">In the dairy cow:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silymarin and lycopene supplementation improves animal health and their antioxidant capacity <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GARAVAGLIA &#038; al, 2015)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Administering silymarin during 10 days before calving and the following 15 days does not change the milk composition, but increases the quantity and speed of production, while slowing weight loss <span class=\"prod_ref\">(TEDESCO &#038; al, 2004)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">In the laying hen:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silymarin improves animal health. It reduces MDA and bad cholesterol and increases HDL <span class=\"prod_ref\">(HASHEMI &#038; al, 2018)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"mil_bold\">If you want to spike up your life you know what you need to do!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SILYBUM MARIANUM<br \/>\nThe milk thistle is part of the Asteraceae family. Very present in the Mediterranean basin, both the fruit and the upper parts are used.<br \/>\nIts virtues are numerous and varied: antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti-fibrotic, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemiant, and anti-cancerous in particular.<br \/>\nThese characteristics are due in large part to its active ingredient: silymarin (1,5 to 3 % of the plant), which is a flavonolignan whose main compounds are silybin, silychristin, and silydianin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15310,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[394,303,273],"class_list":["post-5353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","tag-product-hepa-supp-en","tag-index-plantes-en-c","tag-index-plantes-en-m"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5353"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5353\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}