{"id":5817,"date":"2021-01-11T23:08:21","date_gmt":"2021-01-11T22:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tyr\/miloamerge\/glossaire\/plantes\/blackcurrant\/"},"modified":"2024-02-05T17:35:46","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T16:35:46","slug":"blackcurrant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/glossary\/plants\/blackcurrant\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"blackcurrant\">Blackcurrant<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><H2>PROPERTIES<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Biochemical composition:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The leaves contain flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin), tannins, anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, malvidin) and phenol acids such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. The berries have high levels of vitamin C and also contain polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins and lignans), carotenoids (\u03b2-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin) and polysaccharides (CAPS: cassis polysaccharides). Furthermore, blackcurrant seed oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GOPALAN &#038; al., 2012).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antioxidant effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Blackcurrant neutralises free radicals and inhibits lipid peroxidation. It improves cell viability, lowers levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker of oxidative stress, and reduces cell death induced by oxygen peroxide <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GARBACKI &#038; al., 2005&#8239;; JIA &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>. It also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GOPALAN &#038; al., 2012).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Anti-inflammatory effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Blackcurrant leaves have anti-inflammatory properties and reduce carrageenan-induced inflammatory oedema in rats <span class=\"prod_ref\">(DECLUME &#038; al., 1989&#8239;; GARBACKI &#038; al., 2004)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Also in rats, proanthocyanidins isolated from blackcurrant leaves inhibit leukocyte infiltration. This mechanism can be explained by inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and by modulation of TNF-\u03b1-induced VEGF transcription <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GARBACKI &#038; al., 2005)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><em>In vitro<\/em>, prodelphinidins isolated from blackcurrant leaves reduce prostaglandin secretion by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase and increase the production of cartilage tissue constituents (type II collagen and proteoglycans). They therefore play a beneficial role in osteoarthritis <span class=\"prod_ref\">(GARBACKI &#038; al., 2002)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In mice with atopic dermatitis, blackcurrant and its polysaccharides improve clinical symptoms of atopy in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, they reduce serum immunoglobulin E levels and the infiltration of mast cells into the dermis <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ASHIGA &#038; al., 2017)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Effects on vision:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Blackcurrant anthocyanins stimulate regeneration of rhodopsin, a pigment that helps the eye adapt to light and darkness, thus improving night vision. At a dose level of 50 mg\/day, they alleviate the symptoms of computer work-related visual fatigue <span class=\"prod_ref\">(NAKAISHI &#038; al., 2000)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>A study of blackcurrant consumption in rats and rabbits showed that intact anthocyanins are present in the cornea, aqueous humour, ciliary body, sclera and retina. This means that anthocyanins pass through the blood-retinal barrier and blood-aqueous barrier <span class=\"prod_ref\">(MATSUMOTO &#038; al., 2006)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Anthocyanins improve blood flow to the optic nerve and retina, while increasing and normalising levels of plasma endothelin-1 in glaucoma patients <span class=\"prod_ref\">(OHGURO &#038; al., 2007)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Neuroprotective effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Blackcurrant improves neuronal signal transduction as measured by striatal dopamine release. In addition, the polyphenols in blackcurrant restore the brain\u2019s ability to generate a neuroprotective response to stress in rats <span class=\"prod_ref\">(SHUKITT-HAL &#038; al., 2005)<\/span>. They also alleviate neuronal cell death elicited by rotenone. Plant extracts rich in anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins exhibit greater neuroprotective activity than extracts rich in other polyphenols <span class=\"prod_ref\">(STRATHEARN &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Immunostimulatory effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cassis polysaccharides (CAPS) have an immunostimulatory effect. They have macrophage-stimulating and antitumour activity and a stimulatory effect on the release of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10, interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and IL-4 from splenocytes <em>in vitro<\/em> <span class=\"prod_ref\">(TAKATA &#038; al., 2005)<\/span>. They stimulate dendritic cells through TLR4 signalling and activate Th1-type cytokine release <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ASHIGAI &#038; al., 2017)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Blackcurrant exhibits antiviral activity <em>in vitro<\/em> and <em>in vivo<\/em> against Influenza A virus by interfering with virus internalisation, resulting in reduced viral uptake into host cells <span class=\"prod_ref\">(EHRHARDT &#038; al., 2013&#8239;; SEKIZAWA &#038; al., 2013&#8239;; HAASBACH &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Antigenotoxic and antitumour effects:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In human cells <em>in vitro<\/em>, blackcurrant limits DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and therefore has an antigenotoxic effect, since it reduces genomic instability. These effects appear to be related to polyphenols, L-ascorbic acid and other antioxidant compounds <span class=\"prod_ref\">(YAMAMOTO &#038; al., 2014)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In a model of rat liver carcinogenesis, blackcurrant dose-dependently decreases the incidence, number, size and volume of preneoplastic hepatic nodules. It inhibits abnormal cell proliferation and promotes tumour cell apoptosis <span class=\"prod_ref\">(BISHAYEE &#038; al., 2011)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #d61163;\">\n<li>\n<h3><font color=\"#d61163\">Beneficial role in various cardiovascular disorders:<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a diet containing blackcurrant oil have been found to have lower blood pressure <span class=\"prod_ref\">(ENGLER &#038; al., 1993)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Blackcurrant has been shown to increase nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. It induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via the histamine H1-receptors on the endothelium <span class=\"prod_ref\">(NAKAMURA &#038; al., 2002)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>A mixture of blackcurrant, olive and fish oils reduces levels of serum thromboxane B2, a metabolite of thromboxane A2, which is a prothrombotic factor released by activated platelets. It therefore lowers the risk of thrombus formation and cardiovascular events <span class=\"prod_ref\">(PREGNOLATO &#038; al., 1996)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"mil_bold\">For a delicious pick-me-up, think blackcurrant!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RIBES NIGRUM<br \/>\nBlackcurrant (<em>Ribes nigrum<\/em>), also known as cassis, belongs to the Grossulariaceae family. Grown for its berries, this dense, bushy shrub reaches a height of 1 m to 1.5 m. <\/p>\n<p>It is native to central Europe and northern Asia, with Europe accounting for 80% of global blackcurrant production. In the Middle Ages, blackcurrant was prized for its therapeutic properties, particularly as a treatment for gout. Today, the leaves, berries and buds are used in herbal medicine. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15302,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[416,306,303,214],"class_list":["post-5817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","tag-product-anti-ageing-en","tag-index-plantes-en-b","tag-index-plantes-en-c","tag-product-zen-supp-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5817"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5817\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miloa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}